The nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2) transcriptional activator binds antioxidant response elements (ARE) of target gene promoter regions to regulate expression of oxidative stress response genes. Under basal conditions, the Nrf2 inhibitor INrf2 (also called KEAP1) binds and retains Nrf2 in the cytoplasm where it can be targeted for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Following oxidative or electrophilic stress, KEAP1 releases Nrf2, thereby allowing the activator to translocate to the nucleus and bind to ARE-containing genes. Altered expression of Nrf2 is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Nrf2 activity in lung cancer cell lines directly correlates with cell proliferation rates, and inhibition of Nrf2 expression by siRNA enhances anti-cancer drug-induced apoptosis.
