14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed and regulate many cellular processes relevant to cancer biology, notably apoptosis, mitogenic signaling, nutrientsensing pathways and cell-cycle checkpoints by binding to phosphoserine-containing proteins. There are at least seven isoforms, β, γ, ε, σ, ζ, τ, and η that have been identified in mammals. 14-3-3 γ (YWHAG) has been shown to interact with RAF1 and protein kinase C, proteins involved in various signal transduction pathways. It is induced by growth factors in human vascular smooth muscle cells, and is also highly expressed in skeletal and heart muscles, suggesting an important role for this protein in muscle tissue, otherwise, 14-3-3 γ is abundantly expressed in the brain and involved in cancerous processes.
