Human aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (AARS), also known as cytoplasmic alanine tRNA ligase 1 or renal cancer antigen NY-REN-42, belongs to the class II aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (aaRS) family and is a highly conserved enzyme with ancient evolutionary origins. As a classic aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, AARS plays a central role in decoding the genetic code by catalyzing the connection between alanine and homologous tRNA (Ala). Under high lactate concentration conditions, AARS functions as a protein lactate transferase and can catalyze lysine lactylation. The lactate mediated by AARS can inhibit the transcriptional activity of p53 and weaken its tumor suppressive function.
